EDITORIAL SKILL IN ENGLISH PUBLIPRENEUR-BASED LANGUAGE LEARNING (PBLL-Editing)
ENGLISH TASK
Arranged by :
Muhammad Abdillah Nurfattah
( 2220201017 )
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING MAJOR
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY TANGERANG (2022)
List
of activities in ESP for Electrical Engineering
1. Short Article
about Electrical Engineering
2. 5W1H Questions
3. Verbal and
Nominal Sentences
4. Tenses and It’s
Pattern
5. Active and
Passive Construction
6. List of Vocabulary
7. Translation
into Indonesia
8. Reasons Why
Writer Uses Tenses
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PLC
Programming Then & Now: The History of PLC’s
The
first PLC was introduced in the late 1960s.
A
programmable logic controller is an industrial computer. It is designed to help
in the control of manufacturing processes.
The
automobile sector was the first industry to deploy PLCs into its operations.
Their aim was to replace the hardwired relays and timers with programmable and
flexible controllers.
Since
then, PLCs have been broadly adopted as the standard automation control system
in discrete manufacturing industries.
Inception
of PLC Programming
The
first PLC began being developed in 1968. General Motors designed a
specification for a ‘Standard Machine Controller’ and distributed it to vendors
for a quote. Some of the major elements of the specification included:
·
Should use solid state components which should be modular and expandable
·
Should contain 16 units that can be expanded to 256
·
Should have 16 outputs that can be expanded to 128
·
Should offer easy programming and reprogramming
·
Should not lose stored programs during power outages, therefore, have at
least 1k of memory that can be expanded to 4k
Richard
E. Morley, who worked for Bedford associates, designed a device known as the
Modular Digital Controller.
This
device met all the requirements the Standard Machine Controller was asking for.
When the Modular Controller was tested in General Motors, it showed a 60
percent reduction in downtime.
Modicon
PLC
Following
this success, Bedford Associates changed its name to Modicon PLC. They began
producing the Modicon 084, the first PLC.
What
differentiated the Modicon 084 from other products in the market was its
programming technique. The others were utilizing ‘Boolean Statements’ to
manipulate their equipment.
Boolean
algebra was by the Irish Mathematician George Boole and presented in The
Mathematical Analysis of Logic (1847). Boolean mathematics is the math of ones
and zeros, True and False. At it’s core, it consists of three expressions, AND,
OR and NOT. All computers use this type of logic.
Despite the simplicity of Boolean Logic and The Genius of George Boole, Boolean Statement programs were okay for computer scientists. However, plant engineers found them difficult to work with, as compared to relay logic.
The
engineers were used to relay control systems which employed ladder diagrams.
This is because whenever relay circuits are drawn between a hot and neutral
common, they resemble the rungs of a ladder.
Morley’s
genius idea was to incorporate ‘ladder logic’ into his system. Ladder Logic is
essentially a graphic representation of Boolean Logic. This was the game
changer. The engineers would find it easier to understand and use than Boolean
Logic. Example of how Boolean can be expressed as Ladder Logic. (Source:
http://e-class.teilar.gr/)
Process
Description
A
heating oven with two bays can heat one ingot in each back. When the heater is
on it provides enough heat for two ingots. But, if only one ingot is present
the oven may become too hot, so a fan is used to cool the oven when it passes a
set temperature.
Control
Description
If the
temperature is too high AND there is an ingot in only one bay, turn the fan on.
Define
Inputs and Outputs
B1 =
Bay 1 ingot present
B2 =
Bay 2 ingot present
F =
Fan
T =
Temperature sensor
By the
time the 70s were coming to a close, Allen-Bradley and other competitors had
developed systems that rivaled Modicon. Innovation started becoming key to
capturing market share.
PLCs
were becoming faster and more powerful. There was also the rapid evolving of
programming and documentation tools.
The
initial PLCs did not have a platform for program documentation. Thus, a program
had to be hand-written or drawn on a drafting board before it was entered
later.
This
is the period that saw to the development of the Data Highway by Allen-Bradley
and Modbus by Modicon. These innovations allowed PLCs to exchange information
with each other.
There
was also the development of programming terminals. These allowed programmers to
remotely enter logic programs. The final program could then be recorded on
cassette tape then downloaded to a PLC.
They
could also generate printouts. This eliminated the need for the hand-drawings
that consumed a lot of time.
The
1980s
The
‘80s saw the introduction of the first personal computers in offices. While you
can’t compare their speed to today’s computers, they were still a lot faster
than drawing on drafting boards.
In
fact, nearly every designer had replaced their drafting board with a desktop
computer by the time the 1980s were coming to a close.
The
adoption of personal computers was not relegated just to the design arena, but also
the shop floor.
The
PCs began being used to interface with PLCs directly. Coupled with software
improvements, this made monitoring machine motions a lot easier.
By
this period, the PLC program was widely recognized as the most useful
diagnostic tool. It allowed for effective troubleshooting, thus many
considering it to be the window to machines.Nonetheless, machine diagnostics
were still in their primitive stages.
More
powerful programing languages evolve
As
PLC’s evolved, other programming languages were developed. These include flow
charts, structured text, and instruction list. Nonetheless, ladder logic
remains popular due to its graphical and intuitive design.
The
Late 70s
Development
of the IEC 61131-3
One of
the most significant milestones in PLC history was the introduction of the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61131-3 specification in 1982.
It was
the standard by which PLC software being developed was to be held against. It
became published in 1993 as IEC 1131 International Standard for Programmable
Controllers.
The
introduction of the IEC 61131-3 was necessary as it brought consistency to all
the software products on the market. This allows engineers and technicians to
easily understand logic and program flow from any PLC software.
The
1990s
As the
‘90s rolled in, end users began making special requests. They wanted their new
machinery to come with industrial terminals that had PLC monitoring software.
Plant
managers wanted their technicians doing actual troubleshooting. As such, the
PLC programs at that time were simple in design.
In an
attempt to save time, plant managers wanted to have machines that could tell
them what was amiss. Instead of spending hours troubleshooting.
This
is what led to the development of the programmable human-machine interface
(HMI).
Programmable
Human Machine Interface
The
prototype HMIs were modest pushbutton replacers. However, they were thought to
be uneconomical for applications that had less than 20 pushbuttons.
Nonetheless,
their popularity started growing as manufacturers began finding more uses for
them.
Machine
monitoring information was becoming more and more vital.
This
included information such as machine problems, time in auto, manual
interventions, production counts, and more. All that was being monitored and
displayed in HMI screens then later sent to the factory’s central computers.
As the
1990s drew to an end, the logic controlling functions were just a slight part
of what a PLC program could do. This is because HMIs had so much data that
technicians hardly looked at program logic.
The
end of the ‘90s saw the introduction of a new generation of PLCs. These new
devices are what eventually brought internet connectivity to the factory floor.
Megabytes
became the new standard for measuring processor memory. There was also the
introduction of User-defined data types. These allowed for the manipulation and
sharing of machine data in many ways.
PLCs
Today
Since
the beginning, there has always been a need to reduce the size of the
automation systems so as to make support and maintenance simpler. This is why
we are witnessing the following trends in PLC technology:
Better,
Smaller, and Faster
Circuit
boards, processors, and other electronic components are rapidly shrinking.
These improvements are influencing how PLCs are being designed.
However,
some things are affecting the acceptance of these changes. These include the
need for ruggedness, reliability, and stability.
Thus,
the most prevalent enhancement in the PLC industry is speed. This is enabled by
faster processors. They improve cycle time, have new communication features,
and enhanced memory capacity.
As the
market continues to make demands, a lot of functions and features traditionally
allocated to high-end PLCs are making their way to the lower-end products.
You
can, therefore, expect to see smaller PLCs spotting features associated with
top-tier machines. This allows for a smaller and more compact solution that
today’s users desire.
Memory
Size
Today’s
PLCs are also taking advantage of the dramatically declining sizes and costs of
solid-state memory.
This
is allowing for enhanced local data storage. This enables PLCs to be used in a
lot of applications that traditionally required expensive data acquisition systems.
This
feature also allows for additional utilities. This includes the ability to
store information on-board, thus expediting troubleshooting.
Memory
Devices
Another
technology that is making its way to the industrial controls market are
portable memory devices. These devices are highly beneficial to the PLC user.
They
provide you with massive amounts of extra storage in small packages. For
example, a microSD card can add up to 32 GB of extra memory to the PLC.
The
Merging of PLCs and PACs
Programmable
automation controllers (PACs) are hardened modular industrial controllers. They
often utilize a PC-based processor. This allows them to have more flexibility
and depth in programming.
For a
long time, suppliers in the industrial controls industry have been citing the
differences between PACs and PLCs.
However,
as PLC technology evolves, automation engineers cease to care about their
differences. Instead, they will start focusing on the performance and available
features. This will allow them to define their systems better.
PACs
and PLCs will continue merging as they evolve. As that happens, there are bound
to be opportunities in the market for both high and low-end processors.
As
hardware technology continues to evolve, advanced features will start being
incorporated into low-tier processors as well.
As a
result, manufacturers of the higher-end devices will be forced to include even
more options and features into their products.
Advanced
Features
As
processors become faster and memories became even larger. It allowed a
floodgate of advanced features into the market. These included vision system
integration, motion control, as well as synchronized support for multiple
communication protocols. All that while maintaining the simplistic nature that
makes the PLC ideal to most consumers.
In the
period that PLC and PAC have been going head to head, we have witnessed a more
rapid development of both products.
PACs
are allowing their consumers to test the limits of what is regarded as
traditional industrial automation. This is forcing PACs manufacturers to
develop products that can meet those demands.
Thus,
product designers are having to come up with innovative designs. These sustain
the available components and build them into rugged systems. This allows them
to withstand the harsh industrial environment.
Ladder
Logic Is Here to Stay
As
mentioned earlier, about half-a-century ago, the ladder diagram replaced
hardwired relay logic.
While
ladder logic made things simpler for engineers and technicians, it has some
drawbacks. Most notably, it is not efficient in data handling and process
control.
This
saw to the development of other industrial controller programming languages by
the IEC 6113. The standard covers the following:
Ladder
Logic
Structured
Text
Function
Block
Instruction
List
Sequential
Function Charts
For
instance, sequential flow charts are better for process control. Structured
text is good for data manipulation.
Other
languages have their strong points as well. Nonetheless, the ladder diagram has
stayed on course through various advancements. It remains the most desired
language in PLC programming languages.
Connected
Factory
The
most impactful change expected in the future of PLCs is their integration with
Enterprise Resource Planning. As well as synchronizing with other high-level
computing systems to the factory premises.
In the
past, extracting data and feeding it upstream to those systems was a major
integration task. However, future technologies are expected to have features,
functions, and hooks that allow for simplified integration.
The
Rise of Industrial Ethernet and Industrial Internet of Things
The
industrial connectivity landscape has witnessed major changes. Industrial
Ethernet is now the network of choice on the factory floor.
An
industrial Ethernet network can handle larger amounts of data, and at faster
speeds. This makes it ideal for high-end and data-heavy applications that a PLC
typically contains.
Another
key reason for the adoption of industrial Ethernet is the recent development of
the Industrial Internet of Things.
IoT
allows manufacturers to connect all their equipment so they behave as a single
module. This is made possible by connectors and sensors.
They are fitted to PLCs and other industrial devices to make data gathering more efficient. This gives managers an excellent real-time view of what’s happening on the floor, thus ensuring trouble areas are spotted as soon as they surface.
A.
5W1H Questions
Instruction
Referring to the article you have, please build each two
examples of your sentences Question and Answer based on 5W1H (Who, What, Where,
Why, When, How).
SENTENCE BUILDING
|
No |
WH |
Sentence Building (Question and
Answer) |
|
1 |
Who |
Who
was the first applied plc to his industrial operations ? |
|
Answer |
The
automobile sector was the first industry to deploy PLCs into its operations |
|
|
2 |
Who |
Who
was made boolean algebra ? |
|
Answer |
Boolean
algebra was made by the Irish Mathematician George Boole and presented in The
Mathematical Analysis of Logic (1847). |
|
|
3 |
What |
What
is a programmable logic control ? |
|
Answer |
A
programmable logic controller is an industrial computer. It is designed to
help in the control of manufacturing process. |
|
|
4 |
What |
What
is a ladder logic ? |
|
Answer |
Ladder
Logic is essentially a graphic representation of Boolean Logic. |
|
|
5 |
Where |
Where
was information being monitored and displayed in HMI screens sent ? |
|
Answer |
Information
was being monitored and displayed in HMI screens then later sent to the
factory’s central computers. |
|
|
6 |
Where |
Where is the place to draw or write the program
on the intial plc before paltform for program documentaion unexisting ? |
|
Answer |
The
initial PLCs did not have a platform for program documentation. Thus, a
program had to be hand-written or drawn on a drafting board before program
was entered late. |
|
|
7 |
Why |
Why did the initial PLC programs have to be handwritten or
drawn on a drawing board before being entered ? |
|
Answer |
The
initial PLC programs have to handwritten or drawn on a drawing board before
being entered, because the intial PLC didn’t have a platform for program
documentation. |
|
|
8 |
Why |
Why
is Industrial Ethernet claimed as the network of choice on the factory floor
? |
|
Answer |
The
industrial Ethernet network claimed as the network of choice on the factory
floor because the industrial Ethernet can handle larger amounts of data, and
at faster speeds. This makes it ideal for high-end and data-heavy
applications that a PLC typically contains. |
|
|
9 |
When |
When
was the first PLC introduced ? |
|
Answer |
The
first PLC was introduced in the late 1960s. |
|
|
10 |
When |
When
was the development of the IEC 61131-3 ? |
|
Answer |
The IEC 61131-3
was developed in 1982 |
|
|
11 |
How |
How to enter the program on the initial plc? |
|
Answer |
To enter the program on the Intial PLC can be done by
hand-writing or drawing on a drafting board before it is entered later. |
|
|
12 |
How |
How can factory managers save time to identify machine
problems? |
|
Answer |
Factory managers can save time to identify machine problem
by developing programmable human-machine interface (HMI) development
programs. |
B.
Verbal and Nominal Sentences
Clues:
Verbal sentences (V) are those, which start with a verb.
Non-verbal sentences start with a noun or pronoun, or with derivative nouns.
Verbal sentences consist of a verb + subject + object or adverbial phrase. The
subject and object can be either nouns or pronouns. Nominal sentence (N) also known as equational sentence is a
linguistic term that refers to a nonverbal sentence (i.e. a sentence without a
finite verb). As a nominal sentence does not have a verbal
predicate, it may contain a nominal predicate, an adjectival predicate, in
Semitic languages also an adverbial predicate or even a prepositional
predicate.
1.
Verbal Sentences
|
No |
Sentences |
V |
|
01 |
Nonetheless,
their popularity started growing
as manufacturers began finding more uses for them. |
V |
|
02 |
They
began producing
the Modicon 084, the first PLC. |
V |
|
03 |
Morley’s
genius idea was to incorporate
‘ladder logic’ into his system. |
V |
|
04 |
PACs
are allowing
their consumers to test the limits of what is regarded as traditional
industrial automation |
V |
|
05 |
Richard
E. Morley, who worked for Bedford associates, designed
a device known as the Modular Digital Controller |
V |
|
06 |
Megabytes
became the new standard for measuring processor memory |
V |
|
07 |
Today’s
PLCs are also taking advantage of the
dramatically declining sizes and costs of
solid-state memory. |
V |
|
08 |
In fact, nearly
every designer had replaced their
drafting board with a computer by the time the 1980s where coming to a close. |
V |
|
09 |
These
new devices are what eventually brought internet connectivity to
the factory floor |
V |
|
10 |
Plant
managers wanted their technicians doing
actual troubleshooting. |
V |
2.
Nominal Sentences
|
No |
Sentences |
N |
|
01 |
A
programmable logic controller is an industrial computer. |
N |
|
02 |
Ladder
Logic is
essentially a graphic representation of Boolean Logic |
N |
|
03 |
Boolean
mathematics is the math of ones and zeros, true
and false |
N |
|
04 |
The
automobile sector was the first industry to
deploy PLCs into its operations |
N |
|
05 |
The
prototype HMIs were modest pushbutton replacers. |
N |
|
06 |
Programmable
automation controllers (PACs) are hardened modular
industrial controllers. |
N |
|
07 |
Morley’s genius
idea was to incorporate ‘ladder
logic’ into his system. |
N |
|
08 |
Structured
text is
good for data manipulation |
N |
|
09 |
Despite the simplicity of Boolean Logic and The Genius of
George Boole, Boolean Statement programs were okay for computer scientists |
N |
|
10 |
One
of the most significant milestones in PLC history was
the introduction of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
61131-3 specification in 1982. |
N |
C.
Active and Passive
Construction
Clues: Active sentence
is a sentence where the subject performs the action of the verb. For example:
John kicked the ball. ("John" is the subject. "John" is
performing the action of the verb "kick." Therefore, this is an
active sentence.) An active sentence is the opposite of a passive sentence. In
a passive sentence, the action of the main verb is done to the subject. The passive voice occurs when the person or thing that
performs an action is not the grammatical subject of the sentence. Instead, the
person or thing that receives the action is placed before the verb. Passive
sentences are formed using the verb to be combined with a past participle.
|
No |
Sentences |
Active |
Passive |
|
01 |
Today’s PLCs are also
taking advantage of the dramatically declining sizes and costs of solid-state
memory |
✓ |
|
|
02 |
The size and cost of
solid-state memory has decreased drastically currently utilized by PLCs |
|
✓ |
|
03 |
They began producing the
Modicon 084, the first PLC |
✓ |
|
|
04 |
The first plc, Medicon
084 was started by them |
|
✓ |
|
05 |
Morley’s genius idea was
to incorporate ‘ladder logic’ into his system |
✓ |
|
|
06 |
The 'ladder logic' in the
system was incorporated by Morley's genius idea |
|
✓ |
|
07 |
PACs are allowing their
consumers to test the limits of what is regarded as traditional industrial
automation |
✓ |
|
|
08 |
The consumer-tested
limits of what the traditional auto industry considers has allowed by PACs |
|
✓ |
|
09 |
Megabytes became the new
standard for measuring processor memory |
✓ |
|
|
10 |
Processor memory is measured
by a new standard that is Megabytes |
|
✓ |
D. List
of Vocabulary
|
No |
Vocabulary |
Pronoun
Spelling |
Meaning |
|
01 |
Produced |
Pruh.doost |
Diproduksi |
|
02 |
Adopted |
Uh.daap.tuhd |
Diadopsi |
|
03 |
Manufacturing |
ˌman(y)əˈfakCHəriNG |
Manufaktur |
|
04 |
Sentence |
ˈsen(t)əns |
Kalimat |
|
05 |
Start |
stärt |
Mulai |
|
06 |
Action |
ˈakSH(ə)n |
Aksi |
|
07 |
Memory |
ˈmem(ə)rē |
Memori |
|
08 |
System |
ˈsistəm |
Sistem |
|
09 |
Ladder |
ˈladər |
Tangga |
|
10 |
Logic |
ˈläjik |
Logika |
E.
Tenses and It’s
Pattern
Please identify
the tenses of ten sentences you take from the article. Learn the matrix clues
below.
|
No |
Senteces |
Indent |
|
1 |
General
Motors(S) designed(verb2)a
specification for a ‘Standard Machine Controller’(O) and distributed(Verb2)
it to vendors for a quote(Omodify). |
Simple Past Tense |
|
2 |
Since
then(adverb time), PLC’s(S) have
been(to be) broadly adopted(verb3)as the standard automation
control system(O) in discrete manufacturing industries(Omodify) |
Present Perfect Tense |
|
3 |
Richard
E. Morley(S), who worked(Verb2)
for Bedford associates(Smodify), designed(Verb2)a device known
as the Modular Digital Controller(O) |
Simple Past Tense |
|
4 |
By
the time the 70s(adverb time) were coming(verb.ing) to a close,
Allen-Bradley(S) and other competitors(Smodify) had(to
be) developed(Verb3) systems that rivaled Modicon(O) |
Past Perfect Tense |
|
5 |
This
gives(Verb+S) managers(S) an excellent real-time view of what’s
happening(Verb+ing)on the floor(O), thus ensuring(Verb+ing)
trouble areas(Omodify) are spotted(Verb3) as soon as they
surface. |
Past Continous Tense |
|
6 |
These
new devices(S) are what eventually brought(Verb2) internet
connectivity to the factory floor(O) |
Simple Past Tense |
|
7 |
For
a long time(adverb time), suppliers(S) in the industrial
controls industry(Omodif) have been(to be) citing(Verb+ing)
the differences between PACs and PLCs(O) |
Present Perfect Continous
Tense |
|
8 |
Today’s(adverbtime)
PLC’s(S) are also taking(Verbing) advantage of the dramatically
declining(verbing) sizes and costs of solid-state memory(O) |
Past Continous Tense |
|
9 |
In
fact, nearly every designer(S) had(to be) replaced(Verb3)
their drafting board(O) with a desktop computer(Omodify) by the
time the 1980s(adverb time) were coming(Verbing) to a close. |
Past Perfect Tense |
|
10 |
This allows(Verb+s) engineers and
technicians(S) to easily understand(verb1) logic and program(Omodify)
flow from any PLC software(O). |
Simple Present Tense |
F. Translation
into Indonesia
Please
translate the article into Indonesia
Pemrograman PLC Dulu &
Sekarang: Sejarah PLC
PLC pertama diperkenalkan pada
akhir 1960-an.
Pengontrol logika yang dapat
diprogram adalah komputer industri. Ini dirancang untuk membantu dalam
pengendalian proses manufaktur.
Sektor otomotif adalah
industri pertama yang menerapkan PLC ke dalam operasinya. Tujuan mereka adalah
mengganti relai dan pengatur waktu bawaan dengan pengontrol yang dapat
diprogram dan fleksibel.
Sejak itu, PLC telah diadopsi
secara luas sebagai sistem kontrol otomasi standar dalam industri manufaktur
terpisah.
Pengenalan Pemrograman PLC
PLC pertama mulai dikembangkan
pada tahun 1968. General Motors merancang spesifikasi untuk 'Pengontrol Mesin
Standar' dan mendistribusikannya ke vendor untuk penawaran. Beberapa elemen
utama dari spesifikasi termasuk:
Harus menggunakan komponen
solid state yang harus modular dan dapat diperluas
Harus berisi 16 unit yang
dapat diperluas menjadi 256
Seharusnya memiliki 16
keluaran yang dapat diperluas menjadi 128
Harus menawarkan pemrograman
dan pemrograman ulang yang mudah
Tidak boleh kehilangan program
yang disimpan selama listrik padam, oleh karena itu, miliki setidaknya 1k
memori yang dapat diperluas hingga 4k.Richard E. Morley, yang bekerja untuk
rekanan Bedford, merancang perangkat yang dikenal sebagai Pengontrol Digital
Modular.
Perangkat ini memenuhi semua
persyaratan yang diminta oleh Pengontrol Mesin Standar. Saat Kontroler Modular
diuji di General Motors, ini menunjukkan pengurangan waktu henti hingga 60
persen.
Modikon PLC
Mengikuti kesuksesan ini,
Bedford Associates berganti nama menjadi Modicon PLC. Mereka mulai memproduksi
Modicon 084, PLC pertama.
Yang membedakan Modicon 084
dari produk lain di pasaran adalah teknik pemrogramannya. Yang lain
memanfaatkan 'Pernyataan Boolean' untuk memanipulasi peralatan mereka.
Aljabar Boolean oleh
matematikawan Irlandia George Boole dan disajikan dalam The Mathematical
Analysis of Logic (1847). Matematika Boolean adalah matematika satu dan nol,
Benar dan Salah. Pada intinya, ini terdiri dari tiga ekspresi, AND, OR dan NOT.
Semua komputer menggunakan jenis logika ini.
Terlepas dari kesederhanaan
Boolean Logic dan The Genius of George Boole, program Pernyataan Boolean
baik-baik saja untuk ilmuwan komputer. Namun, insinyur pabrik merasa sulit
untuk bekerja dengannya, dibandingkan dengan logika relai.
Para insinyur digunakan untuk
menyampaikan sistem kontrol yang menggunakan diagram tangga. Hal ini karena
setiap kali rangkaian relay ditarik antara common panas dan netral, mereka
menyerupai anak tangga.Ide jenius Morley adalah memasukkan 'logika tangga' ke
dalam sistemnya. Ladder Logic pada dasarnya adalah representasi grafis dari
Boolean Logic. Ini adalah pengubah permainan. Para insinyur akan merasa lebih
mudah untuk memahami dan menggunakan Logika Boolean. Contoh bagaimana Boolean
dapat diekspresikan sebagai Ladder Logic. (Sumber: http://e-class.teilar.gr/)
Deskripsi proses
Oven pemanas dengan dua rongga
dapat memanaskan satu ingot di setiap punggungnya. Saat pemanas menyala, panas
yang cukup untuk dua ingot. Namun, jika hanya ada satu ingot, oven bisa menjadi
terlalu panas, sehingga digunakan kipas angin untuk mendinginkan oven saat
melewati suhu yang disetel.
Deskripsi Kontrol
Jika suhunya terlalu tinggi
DAN hanya ada ingot di satu ruang, nyalakan kipas.
Tentukan Input dan Output
B1 = Bay 1 ingot hadir
B2 = Bay 2 ingot hadir
F = Kipas
T = Sensor suhu
Menjelang akhir tahun 70-an,
Allen-Bradley dan pesaing lainnya telah mengembangkan sistem yang menyaingi
Modicon. Inovasi mulai menjadi kunci untuk merebut pangsa pasar.
PLC menjadi lebih cepat dan
lebih bertenaga. Ada juga alat pemrograman dan dokumentasi yang berkembang
pesat.
PLC awal tidak memiliki
platform untuk dokumentasi program. Jadi, sebuah program harus ditulis tangan
atau digambar di papan gambar sebelum dimasukkan nanti.
Ini adalah periode yang
melihat perkembangan Data Highway oleh Allen-Bradley dan Modbus oleh Modicon.
Inovasi ini memungkinkan PLC untuk bertukar informasi satu sama lain.
Ada juga pengembangan terminal
pemrograman. Ini memungkinkan pemrogram untuk memasukkan program logika dari
jarak jauh. Program terakhir kemudian dapat direkam pada kaset kemudian diunduh
ke PLC.
Mereka juga dapat menghasilkan
cetakan. Ini menghilangkan kebutuhan akan gambar tangan yang menghabiskan
banyak waktu.
1980-an
Tahun 80-an melihat pengenalan
komputer pribadi pertama di kantor. Meskipun Anda tidak dapat membandingkan
kecepatannya dengan komputer saat ini, kecepatannya masih jauh lebih cepat
daripada menggambar di papan gambar.
Nyatanya, hampir setiap
desainer telah mengganti papan gambar mereka dengan komputer desktop menjelang
akhir tahun 1980-an.
Adopsi komputer pribadi tidak
diturunkan hanya ke arena desain, tetapi juga lantai toko.PC mulai digunakan
untuk berinteraksi dengan PLC secara langsung. Ditambah dengan peningkatan
perangkat lunak, ini membuat pemantauan gerakan mesin jauh lebih mudah.
Pada periode ini, program PLC
diakui secara luas sebagai alat diagnostik yang paling berguna. Itu
memungkinkan pemecahan masalah yang efektif, sehingga banyak yang menganggapnya
sebagai jendela ke mesin. Meskipun demikian, diagnostik mesin masih dalam tahap
primitif.
Bahasa pemrograman yang lebih
kuat berkembang
Seiring perkembangan PLC,
bahasa pemrograman lain dikembangkan. Ini termasuk diagram alir, teks
terstruktur, dan daftar instruksi. Meskipun demikian, logika tangga tetap
populer karena desain grafis dan intuitifnya.
Akhir 70-an
Pengembangan IEC 61131-3
Salah satu tonggak terpenting
dalam sejarah PLC adalah pengenalan spesifikasi International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) 61131-3 pada tahun 1982.
Itu adalah standar di mana
perangkat lunak PLC yang sedang dikembangkan harus dipegang. Itu diterbitkan
pada tahun 1993 sebagai Standar Internasional IEC 1131 untuk Pengontrol yang
Dapat Diprogram.
Pengenalan IEC 61131-3
diperlukan karena membawa konsistensi ke semua produk perangkat lunak di pasar.
Ini memungkinkan para insinyur dan teknisi untuk dengan mudah memahami logika
dan aliran program dari perangkat lunak PLC apa pun.
Tahun 1990-an
Saat tahun 90-an bergulir,
pengguna akhir mulai membuat permintaan khusus. Mereka ingin mesin baru mereka
hadir dengan terminal industri yang memiliki perangkat lunak pemantauan PLC.
Manajer pabrik menginginkan
teknisi mereka melakukan pemecahan masalah yang sebenarnya. Dengan demikian,
program PLC pada waktu itu sederhana dalam desain.
Dalam upaya menghemat waktu,
manajer pabrik ingin memiliki mesin yang dapat memberi tahu mereka apa yang
salah. Alih-alih menghabiskan berjam-jam pemecahan masalah.
Inilah yang menyebabkan
pengembangan antarmuka manusia-mesin yang dapat diprogram (HMI).
Antarmuka Mesin Manusia yang
Dapat Diprogram
Prototipe HMI adalah pengganti
tombol tekan sederhana. Namun, mereka dianggap tidak ekonomis untuk aplikasi
yang memiliki kurang dari 20 tombol tekan.
Meskipun demikian, popularitas
mereka mulai meningkat karena produsen mulai menemukan lebih banyak kegunaan
untuk mereka.
Informasi pemantauan mesin
menjadi semakin penting.
Ini termasuk informasi seperti
masalah mesin, waktu dalam otomatis, intervensi manual, jumlah produksi, dan
banyak lagi. Semua itu dipantau dan ditampilkan di layar HMI kemudian dikirim
ke komputer pusat pabrik.
Ketika tahun 1990-an berakhir,
fungsi kontrol logika hanyalah sebagian kecil dari apa yang dapat dilakukan
oleh program PLC. Ini karena HMI memiliki begitu banyak data sehingga teknisi
sulit melihat logika program.
Akhir tahun 90-an menjadi
saksi pengenalan generasi baru PLC. Perangkat baru inilah yang akhirnya membawa
konektivitas internet ke lantai pabrik.
Megabita menjadi standar baru
untuk mengukur memori prosesor. Ada juga pengenalan tipe data yang ditentukan
pengguna. Ini memungkinkan manipulasi dan pembagian data mesin dalam banyak
cara.
PLC Hari Ini
Sejak awal, selalu ada
kebutuhan untuk mengurangi ukuran sistem otomasi agar dukungan dan pemeliharaan
menjadi lebih sederhana. Inilah sebabnya kami menyaksikan tren berikut dalam
teknologi PLC:
Lebih Baik, Lebih Kecil, dan
Lebih Cepat
Papan sirkuit, prosesor, dan
komponen elektronik lainnya menyusut dengan cepat. Perbaikan ini mempengaruhi
bagaimana PLC sedang dirancang.
Namun, beberapa hal
mempengaruhi penerimaan perubahan ini. Ini termasuk kebutuhan akan kekasaran,
keandalan, dan stabilitas.
Dengan demikian, peningkatan
yang paling umum dalam industri PLC adalah kecepatan. Ini diaktifkan oleh
prosesor yang lebih cepat. Mereka meningkatkan waktu siklus, memiliki fitur
komunikasi baru, dan meningkatkan kapasitas memori.
Karena pasar terus menuntut,
banyak fungsi dan fitur yang secara tradisional dialokasikan untuk PLC kelas
atas sedang menuju ke produk kelas bawah.
Oleh karena itu, Anda dapat
mengharapkan untuk melihat fitur bercak PLC yang lebih kecil yang terkait
dengan mesin tingkat atas. Ini memungkinkan solusi yang lebih kecil dan lebih
ringkas yang diinginkan pengguna saat ini.
Ukuran memori
PLC saat ini juga memanfaatkan
ukuran dan biaya memori solid-state yang menurun drastis.
Ini memungkinkan penyimpanan
data lokal yang ditingkatkan. Hal ini memungkinkan PLC untuk digunakan dalam
banyak aplikasi yang secara tradisional membutuhkan sistem akuisisi data yang
mahal.
Fitur ini juga memungkinkan
untuk utilitas tambahan. Ini termasuk kemampuan untuk menyimpan informasi
on-board, sehingga mempercepat pemecahan masalah.
Perangkat Memori
Teknologi lain yang memasuki
pasar kontrol industri adalah perangkat memori portabel. Perangkat ini sangat
bermanfaat bagi pengguna PLC.
Mereka memberi Anda
penyimpanan ekstra dalam jumlah besar dalam paket kecil. Misalnya, kartu
microSD dapat menambah memori tambahan hingga 32 GB ke PLC.
Penggabungan PLC dan PAC
Pengontrol otomasi yang dapat
diprogram (PAC) adalah pengontrol industri modular yang diperkeras. Mereka
sering menggunakan prosesor berbasis PC. Ini memungkinkan mereka untuk memiliki
lebih banyak fleksibilitas dan kedalaman dalam pemrograman.
Untuk waktu yang lama, pemasok
di industri kontrol industri menyebutkan perbedaan antara PAC dan PLC.
Namun, seiring berkembangnya
teknologi PLC, insinyur otomasi tidak lagi peduli dengan perbedaan mereka.
Sebaliknya, mereka akan mulai berfokus pada performa dan fitur yang tersedia.
Ini akan memungkinkan mereka untuk mendefinisikan sistem mereka dengan lebih
baik.
PAC dan PLC akan terus
bergabung seiring perkembangannya. Saat itu terjadi, pasti ada peluang di pasar
untuk prosesor kelas atas dan kelas bawah.
Saat teknologi perangkat keras
terus berkembang, fitur-fitur canggih juga akan mulai dimasukkan ke dalam
prosesor tingkat rendah.
Akibatnya, produsen perangkat
kelas atas akan dipaksa untuk memasukkan lebih banyak opsi dan fitur ke dalam
produk mereka.
Fitur lanjutan
Saat prosesor menjadi lebih
cepat dan memori menjadi lebih besar. Itu memungkinkan pintu masuk fitur-fitur
canggih ke pasar. Ini termasuk integrasi sistem visi, kontrol gerak, serta
dukungan tersinkronisasi untuk beberapa protokol komunikasi. Semua itu sambil
mempertahankan sifat sederhana yang membuat PLC ideal bagi sebagian besar
konsumen.
Selama PLC dan PAC saling
berhadapan, kami telah menyaksikan perkembangan yang lebih pesat dari kedua
produk tersebut.
PAC memungkinkan konsumen
mereka untuk menguji batas dari apa yang dianggap sebagai otomasi industri
tradisional. Hal ini memaksa produsen PAC untuk mengembangkan produk yang dapat
memenuhi permintaan tersebut.
Dengan demikian, desainer
produk harus menghasilkan desain yang inovatif. Ini mempertahankan komponen yang
tersedia dan membangunnya menjadi sistem yang kokoh. Hal ini memungkinkan
mereka untuk menahan lingkungan industri yang keras.
Tangga Logika Di Sini untuk
Tetap
Seperti disebutkan sebelumnya,
sekitar setengah abad yang lalu, diagram tangga menggantikan logika relai
bawaan.
Sementara logika tangga
membuat segalanya lebih sederhana bagi para insinyur dan teknisi, ia memiliki
beberapa kelemahan. Terutama, itu tidak efisien dalam penanganan data dan
kontrol proses.
Ini melihat perkembangan
bahasa pemrograman pengontrol industri lainnya oleh IEC 6113. Standar tersebut
mencakup hal-hal berikut:
Logika Tangga
Teks Terstruktur
Blok Fungsi
Daftar Instruksi
Bagan Fungsi Berurutan
Misalnya, diagram alir
berurutan lebih baik untuk kontrol proses. Teks terstruktur bagus untuk
manipulasi data.
Bahasa lain juga memiliki
kelebihannya. Meskipun demikian, diagram tangga tetap berada di jalurnya
melalui berbagai kemajuan. Itu tetap menjadi bahasa yang paling diinginkan
dalam bahasa pemrograman PLC.
Pabrik Terhubung
Perubahan paling berdampak
yang diharapkan di masa depan PLC adalah integrasinya dengan Perencanaan Sumber
Daya Perusahaan. Serta sinkronisasi dengan sistem komputasi tingkat tinggi
lainnya ke lokasi pabrik.
Di masa lalu, mengekstraksi
data dan memasukkannya ke hulu ke sistem tersebut merupakan tugas integrasi
utama. Namun, teknologi masa depan diharapkan memiliki fitur, fungsi, dan
pengait yang memungkinkan integrasi yang disederhanakan.
Bangkitnya Industrial Ethernet
dan Industrial Internet of Things
Lanskap konektivitas industri
telah menyaksikan perubahan besar. Industrial Ethernet sekarang menjadi
jaringan pilihan di lantai pabrik.
Jaringan Ethernet industri
dapat menangani jumlah data yang lebih besar, dan dengan kecepatan lebih cepat.
Ini membuatnya ideal untuk aplikasi high-end dan data-heavy yang biasanya
dimiliki oleh PLC.
Alasan utama lain untuk adopsi
Ethernet industri adalah perkembangan terbaru dari Industrial Internet of
Things.
IoT memungkinkan produsen
untuk menghubungkan semua peralatan mereka sehingga berfungsi sebagai modul
tunggal. Ini dimungkinkan oleh konektor dan sensor.
Mereka dipasang ke PLC dan
perangkat industri lainnya untuk membuat pengumpulan data lebih efisien. Hal
ini memberi manajer pandangan real-time yang sangat baik tentang apa yang
terjadi di lapangan, sehingga memastikan area bermasalah segera terlihat
setelah muncul.
Meaning Translation – penerjemahan bermakna
Please sum-up the article by
explaining the reason why author use the tenses.
So after we read and also looked for the sentence patterns that
make up the article, we were able to find a lots of simple past tenses and past
continuous tenses sentences, so we can draw conclusions that the author wants
to tell or explain to the readers is about the history and development of PLCs programs
from time to time.
Lembar Simulasi
PRAKTIK MENYUNTING NASKAH
DALAM BAHASA INGGRIS
(PBLL-Editing)
Serahkan kumpulan portfolio hasil belajar Bahasa Inggris pada saat UAS berupa: UTS, bahanPresentasi PPT Kelompokdenganbukti-buktiberikut:
1. Lembar asli JawabanUjian Tengah Semester (UTS), Idol, PPT kelompok
2. Bukti Perbaikan dalam bentuk Terketik Rapi
3. Bukti Penerapan Simbol Penyuntingan oleh Editor MitraBelajar di Kelas
4. Naskah Bersih hasil suntingan Editor Mitra Belajar di Kelas
5. Lembar Bukti Penerapan Hasil Penyuntingan
Catatan:
No | PBLL-Approach | Meeting | Portofolios | Learning Output | Learning Outcome |
1. | Prewriting | 1-8 (UTS) | PPT Kelompok Idol Writing, Hasil UTS | Insteand to be Self-Publisher (www.zalzulifa.com) | Reading Writing Listening. Speaking about cicil engineering |
2. | Drafting | ||||
3. | Revising | ||||
4. | Editing | 9-16 (UAS) | Book Dummy (PPT Kelompok, Idol Writing, UAS) Individual Voice in Video | Digital Publishing Member of www.polakata.com by registering to www.polakata.com/addacc.pkt | |
5. | Publishing | ||||
6. | Marketing | ||||
7. | Delivering |
INSTRUCTIONS | ||
1 1.Use the red ink pen to mark your editorial findings 2 2.Write the name of the manuscript’s writer within the box 3 3.Write your name as an editor within the editor’s box 4.Write the title of the manuscript 5 5.Treat the draft as an accepted manuscript to the Editorial Department. 6 6.Edit the manuscript by using the editorial signs 7 7.Put the number of your editorial findings (mechanical, substantive, pictorial) within the box right- side 8 8.Write your verbal verification of suggestion, comment, or input for the improvement of the manuscript. 9 9.Give your editorial judgment about the manuscript from the perspective of prewriting, drafting, revising, editing, publishing, marketing, and delivering) 10.Good Luck..be your best. | ||
Student's Identify | Writer | Editor |
Name | Abdilah Nurfattah | Ahmad Nur Wakhid |
Study Program | Electrical Engineering | Elektrikal Engineering |
Title of Manuscript | PLC Programming Then & Now: The History of PLC’s | |
No | Editorial Findings | Number | Key Word | C | NC |
A | Mechanical Editing |
|
|
|
|
Type | 1 | - | C | ||
Word | 2 | - | C |
| |
Phrase | 3 | - | C |
| |
Punctuations | 4 | - | C |
| |
Comma | 5 | - | C |
| |
Colon | 6 | - | C |
| |
| Semi Colon | 7 | - | C |
|
Preposition | 8 | - | C |
| |
Dictions | 9 | - | C |
| |
B | Substantive Editing | 10 | - | C |
|
Content accuracy | 11 | - | C |
| |
Language Consistency | 12 | - | C |
| |
Message Originality | 13 | - | C |
| |
Reader's Interest | 14 | - | C |
| |
Coherence | 15 | - | C |
| |
C | Pictoral Editing | 16 | - | C |
|
Harmony | 17 | - | C |
| |
Balancing | 18 | - | C |
| |
White space | 19 | - | C |
| |
Color | 20 | - | C |
| |
Verbal Verification : i just veryfied that the writing of the article was good in choosing words and senteences but there were a few words and the placement of sentences which i personally thought were not quite right so tried to edit them with the help of editting symbols that had been provided by my lecturer. | |||||
Editorial Judgement ; I think the editing of the script is good and quite thorough, and i just confirm that the editing of the script is almost perfect. | |||||
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